The Hindu: Published on 1st April 2025:
Why in News?
The Arctic region has recently witnessed increasing geopolitical tensions as major global powers compete for influence, resources, and strategic advantages. Climate change is rapidly melting the Arctic ice, making previously inaccessible natural resources and trade routes available, thus intensifying global interest. The Arctic Council, a key international body governing the region, has also faced challenges due to geopolitical conflicts, particularly following Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
Who are the Members of the Arctic Council?
The Arctic Council consists of the eight countries that have territory within the Arctic Circle:
Canada
Denmark (via Greenland)
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Russia
Sweden
United States
The Council focuses on environmental protection, scientific research, and the rights of indigenous communities. However, it does not directly address military security issues, leaving room for competing national interests.
Why Has the Arctic Region Become an Area of Interest Now?
Climate Change and Ice Melting: Rapid ice melt is opening up new trade routes and making natural resources more accessible.
Untapped Resources: The Arctic holds about 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil and 30% of untapped natural gas reserves, as well as rare earth elements crucial for technology and defense industries.
Strategic Trade Routes: Melting ice is creating new pathways like the Northeast Passage, reducing travel distances between Europe and Asia.
Geopolitical Rivalries: Russia, the U.S., China, and NATO countries are competing for dominance in the region.
Military Presence: Increased military infrastructure and exercises by Arctic nations, particularly Russia and NATO members, have escalated tensions.
What is the Conflict Around the Northwest Passage?
Canada’s Position: Canada claims sovereignty over the Northwest Passage, considering it part of its internal waters.
U.S. and International Stance: The U.S. and other nations argue that the passage is an international waterway, allowing free navigation.
Geopolitical Impact: This dispute affects Arctic trade and military strategy, with Canada and the U.S. differing on navigation rights in the region.
How Has Russia Made Its Presence Known in the Region?
Military Expansion: Russia has modernized Soviet-era bases and increased Arctic patrols.
Nuclear Icebreakers: Russia has the world’s largest fleet of icebreakers, including nuclear-powered vessels, enabling year-round Arctic access.
Symbolic Actions: In 2007, Russia planted a flag on the Arctic seabed to assert its territorial claims.
Strategic Alliances: Russia has conducted joint military exercises with China, signaling closer cooperation in Arctic affairs.
Economic Investments: Russia is developing Arctic energy projects, including partnerships with China, to export oil and gas via northern routes.
What Lies Ahead?
Increased Geopolitical Competition: The Arctic will likely see growing competition among Arctic nations, NATO, and China.
Environmental Concerns: The rapid pace of ice melt and increased industrial activity pose significant ecological risks.
Legal and Diplomatic Challenges: Disputes over maritime boundaries and resource ownership could lead to further international legal battles.
Military Buildup: NATO’s expansion and Russia’s military positioning indicate that the Arctic could become a flashpoint for future conflicts.
Conclusion
The Arctic is transitioning from a remote, frozen expanse to a globally significant region with major economic, strategic, and military implications. Without proper governance mechanisms and international cooperation, the melting Arctic could become an arena of conflict rather than collaboration.
