The Hindu: Published on 12th November 2025.
Why in News?
A massive explosion occurred on November 10 near Delhi’s Red Fort, when an i20 car exploded, killing 13 people and damaging nearby vehicles. Soon after the incident, a team of forensic experts reached the site to identify whether the explosion was accidental or deliberate. This tragic event brought attention to the crucial role of forensic experts in investigating such cases through scientific means.
Background:
In cases of explosions, ordinary criminal investigation methods are insufficient because the blast destroys most physical evidence instantly through extreme heat, pressure, and fragmentation. Therefore, forensic science laboratories (FSLs) play a critical role. These laboratories have specialized divisions such as explosives, physics, chemistry, biology, and cyber forensics, which together help reconstruct the crime scene and identify the type and source of the explosion.
Key Roles of Forensic Experts:
Forensic experts are responsible for observing, collecting, and analysing evidence from the scene scientifically. They collect fragments of metal, burnt debris, ashes, and vehicle parts to test in the laboratory. Photographs are taken from different angles, and a sketch of the area is drawn to document the site. They look for remains of timers, wires, or circuits that could indicate the use of a remote-controlled or time-based device. The samples collected are tested to determine what kind of chemicals or explosives were used and how the explosion might have been triggered.
Tests and Scientific Techniques Used:
Forensic experts perform several advanced scientific tests to identify the materials used in the blast.
They use Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Attenuated Total Reflectance-FTIR (ATR-FTIR) to study how the collected samples absorb infrared light and determine their chemical nature. Raman Spectroscopy is used to detect the composition of the explosives, while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) helps to examine the shape and structure of blast fragments. For elemental analysis, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques are used. Thermal analysis provides information about the chemical stability and activity of explosive materials.
In addition, forensic experts also conduct laser-based scene mapping and flashpoint testing to understand how fire spread after the explosion and to locate the source of ignition. These findings help decide whether the explosion was intentional or accidental.
Collaboration Among Forensic Divisions:
Investigating a blast requires the joint effort of multiple forensic divisions. Explosives experts determine the type of explosive material used. Forensic physicists conduct tests like etching to find the original engine and chassis numbers of the vehicle, which are often tampered with before a crime. Cyber-forensic experts examine CCTV footage and digital trails to identify suspects or suspicious movements. DNA experts analyse human remains to identify the victims. Fire investigation specialists study the direction and extent of the fire to locate its source. Thus, the investigation becomes a coordinated effort involving experts from different scientific backgrounds.
Scientific Principles Involved:
The investigation process is guided by Locard’s Exchange Principle, which states that “every contact leaves a trace.” This means that even in massive explosions, there will be some trace evidence linking the suspect, the material, or the device to the crime scene. Forensic teams also reconstruct the sequence of the explosion — either digitally or physically — to estimate the intensity, direction, and timing of the blast.
Challenges Faced:
Blast investigations are among the most difficult forensic tasks. The intense heat and pressure can destroy or alter most of the evidence, making analysis complex. Sometimes, rescue operations or crowd interference at the scene can contaminate the evidence. Forensic experts must act swiftly, as delay in sample collection can lead to loss of critical chemical residues that degrade over time.
Significance of Forensic Investigation:
Forensic examination provides objective and scientific evidence that can stand up in a court of law. It helps determine whether the explosion was a terrorist attack, sabotage, or accident, what materials and mechanisms were used, and possibly who was behind it. These findings are essential for ensuring that the investigation is based on facts rather than assumptions. It also strengthens the justice system by ensuring that conclusions are supported by verified data.
Broader Implications:
This case highlights the growing importance of scientific policing and multi-agency coordination in India. Such investigations not only bring the culprits to justice but also help in preventing future attacks by tracing the source of explosives and identifying security loopholes. It reinforces the need for upgraded forensic infrastructure and continuous training of experts to handle complex modern crimes.
Conclusion:
- Forensic experts play a central and indispensable role after any explosion.
- Their scientific approach combines chemistry, physics, biology, and technology to uncover the truth hidden within chaos and destruction.
- The Delhi Red Fort incident once again demonstrates that scientific investigation is the backbone of criminal justice, ensuring that every piece of evidence speaks accurately and helps bring justice to victims and society.
