Introduction
During the Later Vedic Age, several small kingdoms emerged across the Indo-Gangetic plains. Among them, 16 major states and republics known as Mahajanapadas, stood out for their political and cultural significance. These included kingdoms such as Kuru, Avanti, Ashmaka, Kashi, Kosala, Vatsa, Chedi, Panchala, Surasena, and Matsya.
Mahajanapadas in Bihar
Three Mahajanapadas were located in present-day Bihar: Magadha, Anga, and Vajji.
1. Magadha Kingdom
- Historical mention: First referenced in the Atharvaveda.
- Territory: From the Ganga in the north to Chhotanagpur in the south, Champa in the east to river Sone in the west.
- Capital: Initially Girivraja (Rajgir), later shifted to Patliputra.
- Significance: Annexed Kosala, Vatsa, and Avanti. Played a major role in the rise of Buddhism and Jainism.
- Legacy: The Maurya and Gupta empires, two of India’s greatest dynasties, originated here.
2. Anga Kingdom
- Historical mention: Also cited in the Atharvaveda.
- Territory: Covered modern districts of Khagaria, Bhagalpur, and Munger.
- Capital: Champa (present-day Bhagalpur).
- Ruler: Established by King Maha Govind.
- Alternate names: Referred to as Chenanpo by Hiuen Tsang and Malini in other texts.
- Location: Northeast of Magadha.
3. Vajji (Vriji) Kingdom
- Structure: A federation of eight clans, with the most prominent being Licchavi, Videha, and Jnatrika.
- Territory: Northern India, particularly the region around Vaishali in Bihar.
- Capital: Vaishali, notable as the world’s first republic.
- Significance: Recognized for its democratic governance system, influencing political ideas in ancient India.
Conclusion
The Mahajanapadas were crucial in shaping early political structures, culture, and religion in India. Bihar, with its Magadha, Anga, and Vajji, played a pivotal role in the development of empires, trade, religion, and governance, leaving a lasting legacy in Indian history.
