The Hindu: Published on 24th Jan 2025:
Why in News?
Several West African nations, including Chad, Ivory Coast, and Senegal, have asked for the withdrawal of French troops, signaling a decline in France’s long-standing influence in the region.
These countries join Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso in rejecting French military presence, marking a significant geopolitical shift.
This also underscores the growing presence of Russia and China in Africa, challenging Europe’s waning influence.
Why Did Chad, Ivory Coast, and Senegal Request French Troop Withdrawal?
National Sovereignty:
French troops’ presence, tied to colonial-era pacts, is seen as undermining sovereignty. Leaders like Chad's President Mahamat Déby emphasized reclaiming independence.
Public Dissatisfaction:
France’s failure to control insurgencies, despite its military presence under Operation Barkhane, has fueled anti-French sentiments.
Shifting Alliances:
West African nations seek diversified partnerships, moving toward Russian military support, as it offers security without political or democratic conditions.
What Does the Withdrawal Mean for African Nations?
End of French Influence:
France’s military and political grip on Africa diminishes, marking the end of ‘Françafrique’.
Insurgency Challenges Persist:
The exit of French troops in Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso has not alleviated terrorism, raising doubts about the effectiveness of alternative partnerships.
Regional Cooperation:
Anti-French sentiments may unite countries like Chad, Senegal, and Ivory Coast with the Sahel alliance (Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso), fostering collective counter-terrorism efforts.
What Does This Mean for France?
Decline in Influence:
Marks the symbolic end of ‘Françafrique’ and challenges France’s ability to maintain economic and political leverage.
Economic Implications:
Loss of political influence complicates France’s access to resources and markets in Africa.
Reputation Impact:
France’s role as a global security provider diminishes, especially after being replaced by Russian mercenaries in some regions.
Uncertain Relations:
Ivory Coast, despite its request for troop withdrawal, maintains political and economic ties with France, creating a complex dynamic.
Is There a Larger Waning European Influence in Africa?
Geopolitical Competition:
Russia fills the military void with mercenaries, while China expands its economic presence via the Belt and Road Initiative.
EU’s Struggles:
Internal challenges like the Ukraine war, migration, and economic pressures have diverted focus from Africa.
Economic Decline:
The EU’s trade surplus with Africa dropped by 15% between 2022-2023, while China continues to dominate trade.
Inward-Looking Europe:
European policies are increasingly focused on managing domestic issues, with limited ambition to counter growing Russian and Chinese influence in Africa.
How Has Russia Benefited?
Security Influence:
Russia’s Wagner Group has stepped into the military vacuum, offering a more pragmatic approach to African governments.
Strategic Partnerships:
Russia avoids imposing political conditions, appealing to authoritarian and military regimes.
Enhanced Image:
By presenting itself as a reliable partner, Russia has strengthened its geopolitical footprint in Africa.
Key Takeaways:
- West Africa is moving away from traditional colonial ties with France, seeking new partnerships for security and development.
- France’s withdrawal signals the end of its dominance in the region but raises questions about the effectiveness of alternative partnerships.
- Russia and China are the biggest beneficiaries, leveraging military and economic opportunities to expand their influence.
- Europe faces declining relevance in Africa, driven by internal crises and external competition.
