The Hindu: Published on 28th Jan 2025:
This issue is in focus because:
A recent study, published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, highlights the impact of coal mining dust on vegetation in Jharsuguda, Odisha.
It underscores the critical role coal dust plays in reducing carbon absorption by plants, exacerbating global warming, and damaging local ecosystems.
Key Findings of the Study
Impact on Photosynthesis: Plants covered in mining dust absorb 2-3 grams less carbon per square meter, leading to increased atmospheric CO₂.
Impact on Transpiration: Dust clogging stomata reduces the release of water vapor, making plants unable to regulate temperature effectively.
Satellite Data Integration: Researchers used multiple satellites (Landsat-8, Landsat-9, Sentinel-2, PlanetScope) to estimate dust accumulation on vegetation, validated by field studies.
Dimensions of the Issue
a. Environmental Impact
Global Warming: Reduced carbon absorption contributes to higher atmospheric CO₂ levels.
Ecosystem Stress: Clogged stomata hinder plant growth and survival, disrupting ecosystems.
b. Socio-Economic Context
Coal Dependency: India relies on coal for 75% of electricity generation and for key industries like steel, cement, and fertilizers. This dependency creates a trade-off between energy needs and environmental health.
Health Hazards: Dust pollution affects not just plants but also human populations, causing respiratory issues in mining regions.
c. Regional Significance
Jharsuguda, a major coal-mining hub, produces over 15 million tonnes of coal annually. Its mining activities are essential for India's energy security but come with significant environmental costs.
d. Technological Innovation
Use of Satellites: The study showcases the potential of satellite technology to monitor environmental pollution efficiently and at scale.
Data Validation: The integration of remote sensing with on-ground measurements strengthens the credibility of results and provides a model for future studies.
e. Policy Implications
- The study emphasizes the need for stricter pollution control measures, such as:
- Dust suppression systems (e.g., water sprays, dust barriers).
- Better regulation of mining activities.
- Reforestation programs in mining areas to restore ecological balance.
Challenges Identified
Monitoring Dust Pollution: The spread of dust across a 30 km radius complicates monitoring efforts.
Balancing Development with Environment: Striking a balance between industrial needs and environmental preservation remains a persistent challenge.
Ecosystem Resilience: Long-term damage to vegetation may lead to irreversible ecological degradation.
Future Implications
Policy Development: Findings from this study can help governments design better environmental regulations for mining regions.
Global Relevance: As the world's second-largest coal producer, India's measures to mitigate mining pollution could set an example for other nations facing similar challenges.
Sustainability Focus: Promoting cleaner mining practices aligns with India’s commitments to combat climate change under international agreements like the Paris Accord.
Recommendations
Immediate Measures: Implement dust suppression techniques such as regular water spraying and vegetation barriers around mining sites.
Long-Term Actions:
Shift towards renewable energy to reduce coal dependency.
Promote research on cleaner mining technologies.
Enhance public awareness and community participation in combating environmental degradation.
Policy Enforcement: Strengthen regulations on air quality and vegetation management in coal mining regions.
